Free citizenship countries without investment. Citizenship by investment options.
Papers proving investment and financial means (source of funds) Certificate of health insurance and. Jan 9, 2023 · The Vanuatu citizenship by investment program requires making a non-refundable donation to the country’s Development Support Program starting from $130,000 and offers visa free travel to 98 Oct 16, 2023 · Romania. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis. Type of Citizenship: Citizenship by investment; Minimum investment required: $400,000; Number of countries you can visit visa-free: 67 Mar 6, 2024 · The chief reason Pakistan’s citizenship by investment program garners little interest is the low quality of its citizenship. Kitts citizenship by investment. Visa period of validity. passing the SkillSelect test with at least 65 points. You can technically do the same inMonaco as well, but living there is usually prohibitively expensive – even for most successful people. Dominica's program is particularly appealing for its combination of a quick turnaround time, lower investment threshold, and expansive visa-free travel, making it one of the easiest and most cost-effective pathways to citizenship by investment. Living in Malta and other EU states. The cheapest citizenship by investment passport provides visa-free travel to the UK, EU’s Schengen, China, and Russia. Moreover, the whole process takes just two to six months. This can greatly facilitate international travel and business opportunities. 5 days ago · With a passport of Malta or some Caribbean countries, it is possible to visit the UK and the Schengen countries without a visa. May 20, 2024 · Portugal, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, and Italy rank as the top five countries where obtaining citizenship is relatively easy. UAE Golden Visas fees differ depending on the type of service and visa category that you’ve chosen to use. investment retention for 4 years. Share to: Last updated: July 20, 2022. 5 million, with the two most popular options being a property investment or a contribution to the country’s National Economic Fund (NEF). Launched in 1984, the St Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment program is the longest-running of all Caribbean CBIs. 3. Citizenship by investment options. DONATION. visa waivers, and other benefits. Permanent Residency by Investment. In order to be eligible for citizenship, the principal applicant must meet one of the specified investment criteria: Real estate investment of USD 400,000. Valid passport. The minimum investment is $100,000, plus fees. Dateline: Andorra la Vella, Andorra. Montenegro, on the other hand, had a popular citizenship by investment program which closed at the end of 2018. After obtaining a Caribbean passport, program participants can travel visa-free to 140+ countries. You do not get that money back. Its passport is first-class, with visa-free access to 159 countries in 2023. Through these programs, investors can buy citizenship by making a Aug 7, 2021 · Key benefit: Visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel to 186 destinations. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, and Vanuatu. In return for a $1,000,000 investment into any local real estate, you could get a Turkish passport. For example, since Hurricane Maria devastated Dominica in 2017, the selling of citizenship and residency now accounts for half of the government’s total revenue, as of August 2019. Vanuatu is also one of the few tax-free countries where you can also obtain citizenship. Malta gives citizenship easily if you have enough money for its citizenship by investment program. However, the number of visa free countries can vary over time as countries update their entry requirements for short and extended stays. Kitts and Nevis golden visa citizenship by investment program. The quickest choice for citizenship in Europe is Turkey; the process takes 6–8 months. For numerous reasons, Caribbean nations have been increasingly popular choices for acquiring citizenship by investment. Some of the easiest EU countries to get citizenship are Portugal, Spain, and Italy. proof of having AUD 800,000 in personal assets. With visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to only 34 countries, Pakistan’s passport is even weaker than that of Bangladesh. If you are married, you need to purchase at least US$535,000 in bonds. There are many benefits to obtaining a second citizenship in a small country. A North Macedonian passport provides access to 126 countries visa free. If you’re making your application from the UAE the costs will range from AED2,800 to AED3,800. To obtain Caribbean citizenship and a passport, you can either make a donation or invest in real estate, with costs starting from $100,000. Currently, there are seven different ways to invest here, and the least expensive option is through investing in real estate. Jan 2, 2024 · 12% over $2,960 per year. Turkey offers citizenship to those who buy real estate worth at least $400,000. Some notable visa-free countries for Turkish passport holders include Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore. These nations offer a variety of pathways to citizenship, including naturalisation, citizenship by marriage, descent, among others. Austria is the only western European country that offers the possibility to obtain citizenship-by-investment and Grenada Citizenship by Investment. The term for obtaining citizenship by investment is only 3 to 6 passing the SkillSelect test with at least 65 points. Many want to relocate there and are Jul 12, 2024 · Obtaining a residence permit in Greece allows investors to spend up to 90 days out of 180 in any Schengen Area country without a visa. Citizenship by Investment Programs in the Caribbean 1. This visa free entry opens up exciting opportunities for travel and exploration, making the Turkish passport a valuable asset Jul 20, 2022 · Global Citizen • Second Passport. 5m). The most convenient way to qualify for citizenship is to simply make a donation. In an unsettled, ever-changing world, wealthy individuals need a plan B for Jul 8, 2024 · There are just five Caribbean countries that provide citizenship through investment: Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Lucia. for St. We’ve compiled an overview of which nationals are barred from applying for each of the major citizenship by investment programs. The Cypriot Citizenship by Investment program started accepting applicants in 2002 and was later amended to simplify the process. Dec 26, 2022 · You can become a permanent resident via investments, marriage, naturalisation, etc. This week, the Commission moved one step closer to Jun 29, 2023 · Here are the top five affordable countries where Indians can buy citizenship, along with their associated costs and perks. Moreover, the applicants must stay in Ecuador for about three years to be eligible for citizenship. Still, to get permanent residency under this program, you have to have enough money and an investment plan. Citizenship by investment (CBI) are investment programs that award investors with fast-track citizenship for investment in the target country, often within months. 2. Document proving legal admission and stay in country. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the easiest countries to get citizenship by investment. Most people move abroad to improve their financial prospects and ultimately become citizens of that country. During these three years, you must spend a minimum of 183 days in Paraguay and demonstrate proficiency in the Spanish language. The Caribbean island of Dominica offers citizenship by investment that is both relatively inexpensive and that comes with some perks. The following countries only tax locally sourced income, leaving your worldwide assets alone. You must hold onto the bond for at least five years and the bond does not pay interest. Permanent residence. S. This is one of the easiest Caribbean countries to get full citizenship by investment. An Antigua and Barbuda passport offers you visa-free travel in 151 nations across the world, being one of the easiest passports to get. It is impossible to becoming a citizen of a country without you contributing much to the country. The Turkish citizenship by investment program offers several investment options. A one-time donation to the Antigua National Development Fund in the minimum sum of USD $100,000 allows you to obtain Antigua and Barbuda citizenship. It gives applicants the right to travel across 130+ destinations around the globe, reduce the tax burden, and get access to European best education and For a one-time minimum fee of US$130,000, you can have a passport in as little as two months. Permanent Residence Certainty: 56. Malta, an archipelago in the Mediterranean, offers distinguished 1. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica) to around one dozen. Benefits include visa-free travel to over 140 countries, including the US, Canada, and the UK. May 18, 2022 · Travel Tips, Immigration with Indian Passport: There are many countries in the world who give citizenship of their country if you have the passport of India and some documents. Apr 30, 2024 · Temporary Residency by Investment. Photograph. Saint Lucia: The citizenship by investment program being offered by this beautiful island in the Caribbean has become a major international player. To be eligible, you must make at least one of the qualifying investments: Learn how to get second citizenship and passport in different regions of the world through naturalization, descent, economic, or familial ties. Learn more. Many of the world’s citizenship by investment programs (CIPs) impose restrictions on the countries and territories from which they accept applications. It’s never that simple. Similarly to previous cases, you will need to have a residency in the country for at least 2 years before you can naturalize. At €300,000 (about $329,000), it’s currently the cheapest option to obtain permanent residency by real estate investment when accounting for additional contributions and government fees. Apr 29, 2024 · Benefits of Cyprus Citizenship. Legal fees: 1% of property purchase price + 18% VAT. Caribbean programs. Bank deposit of at least USD 500,000. The minimum threshold for investment in the local economy is $100,000—150,000. Investment Migration Countries. If it has been your Apr 30, 2024 · Malta visa free countries allow visa free access and travel without complex entry requirements. Malta Citizenship by Investment. Russian citizens can access many countries that allow entry without a prior visa or with a visa on arrival. If you are a single applicant, the investment must be at least US$500,000. Citizenship by investment is available via many options — there is even a way for crypto investors. To get a Curacao passport, you need to invest $300K in real estate and hold the investment for 5 years. Family Reunion: 67. For an investment starting amount starting at $250,000, investors and their families are able to obtain a Caribbean passport in just four months. To qualify for Turkish citizenship by investment program, you have to invest at least $250,000 in real estate. These investments should amount to at least $123,330 in real Apr 18, 2024 · Ireland, Portugal, and Italy give citizenship easily if you have the right ancestry. The straightforward and quick process made it one of the most attractive citizenship programs for investors. So, if you’re looking for a tax Mar 15, 2024 · In October last year, IMI reported that the European Commission had announced proposals that, if enacted, would allow it to add the operation of a citizenship-by-investment program as one of the valid grounds for suspending the visa-waver agreement between such countries and the Schengen area. Citizenship by investment programs offer you the opportunity to legally acquire a new nationality and an alternative passport quickly and simply, without major disruption to your life. The requirements for Caribbean citizenship by investment program applicants may vary slightly depending on the specific country and program, but common requirements include being over 18 years old, having no criminal record, and making an investment in the country with minimum amounts starting at $200,000 or $235,000 depending on the program. Investments. Apr 30, 2024 · For those who choose to purchase real estate to receive Turkey citizenship, the following property transaction costs are to be included: Investment in residential or commercial real estate: worth at least $400,000. VAT is 10% for all tourism-related activities, while 17% for other VAT items in Saint Kitts. Paraguay Jul 12, 2024 · This Caribbean country is popular among expats due to its several investment routes and low starting threshold for citizenship by investment. Jun 21, 2023 · This is one of the most popular countries that offers citizenship by investment. Jun 11, 2024 · Cyprus. The Cyprus Permanent Residence Program has been drawing expats globally with its real estate investment option. In 2019, Jordan cabinet has made a decision to cut the minimum investments for citizenship from $1 million (from $1. This fast investment route requires a minimum contribution of $100,000 Citizenship by Investment Defined. The cost of visa. There is a 5% social contribution from wages earned in Saint Kitts and Nevis. See full list on globalcitizensolutions. In recent years, the number of countries offering citizenship by investment programs has grown from two (only St. The overall St Lucia passport cost depends on the investment route and number of qualifying dependents. Other Expatriates, they may require Visa-Free or VOA (Visa on Arrival Apr 23, 2024 · The country’s citizenship laws provide avenues for individuals of Ethiopian descent to reclaim their citizenship and forge a deeper connection to their roots. Qualifying investments range from $100,000 up to $3. Feb 12, 2024 · St. Oct 26, 2022 · The country’s latest citizenship-by-investment scheme in 2020 allows 400 investors yearly quota and a 1,500 investors cap. Dominica: 3–6 months. Average Score: 56. Residence in Territorial Tax Countries. Aug 10, 2018 · While some countries ask for millions of dollars in investment as a precondition, there are others that charge much less for a second passport. Oct 14, 2023 · Before we dive into the list of countries offering Citizenship Without Investment, it’s crucial to understand the fundamental principles underpinning citizenship. iStock. You have to stay only seven days a year for five years. Obtaining a passport of one of the five Caribbean countries — Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Saint Kitts, and Nevis — is easier than in European countries. You will need to prove investments in both real estate and shares. Visa free travel to 168 countries: As a Cypriot citizen, you will receive a Cypriot passport, enabling you to travel to 168 countries and territories without a visa, including all Schengen area countries, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. Whether you’re looking to retire by the beach Dec 6, 2022 · The second option requires an investment of 400,000 euro as a direct investment into a new facility that employees at least ten people for at least one year. With this program, you can have visa-free or visa on arrival travel to 125 countries in the world, and your family can apply for citizenship along with you. visa) which leads to lawful residency and then citizenship. The first is if you were exiled between June 17, 1940, and May 4, 1990, due to foreign occupation. With US and Canadian passports, more than 160 countries are available visa-free. 3 years and 4 months; if applied in the UK - 3 years. Compare the requirements, benefits, and drawbacks of each method and find the best fit for your goals. Oct 23, 2020 · In the citizenship by investment world, there are three countries where you can get a second passport and live tax-free – St. Dominica - ₹76,46,000. Apr 16, 2024 · You’ll need to keep the investment for five years. If you aspire to acquire citizenship without an extended residency requirement, Paraguay is an excellent choice. After 5 years. The easiest way to become a Portuguese citizen is by obtaining a Portugal Golden visa; all you have to do is invest in a house, a business, or a property of €500,000 value. Portugal is a great country to obtain citizenship. Due to its history, Latvia has some interesting options for citizenship by descent. Furthermore, some countries also allow citizenship by donation, such as the state fund of government. Proximity to the United States and affordable investment options make Caribbean citizenship an obvious choice for American applicants of second citizenship initiatives. Antigua and Barbuda. 80 USD in a CD offered by a bank in Ecuador. AUSTRIA. Another reason why Spain is a top destination country is because of its Golden Visa program. Visa-free travelling to 160+ countries. One of the most important aspects of determining which Citizenship-by-Investment Program a taxpayer will apply to is the travel rights afforded to them by the passport. Some easiest countries to get citizenship to include Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, Thailand, Australia and Ireland. Apr 30, 2024 · As of January 2024, Turkey passport holders can travel to 128 countries without a visa or with a visa on arrival, or apply for electronic travel authorization (eTA) or an electronic visa (e-visa). Obtaining a loan from an accredited UAE bank is allowed. This program includes strict requirements and high costs but offers European Union membership, U. The property may be off-plan or fully constructed. 3. The Easiest OVERALL Option for EU Citizenship in 2023. Grenada stands out from its Caribbean neighbors as it has an E2 visa treaty with the United States, which enables the investor to easily obtain residency in the US. The Caribbean citizenship program's investment criteria was previously scheduled to increase significantly with the minimum price of a Dominica passport rising 75% to $175,000. Portugal give citizenship easily (even without Portuguese heritage), if you maintain residency in the country for five years. In fact, only three countries have a lower mobility score than Pakistan. com Jul 9, 2024 · Golden Visa UAE Fees. Examples of the type of investments for citizenship programs include real estate investment, buying state debt, outright donation to the state, etc. Portugal is the easiest European country where you can get citizenship. These low-cost gateways yield other benefits as well: dual citizenship, hassle-free travel to other countries and very easy residency requirements. Apr 30, 2024 · The Tier 1 Investor Visa is the fastest way to get UK citizenship by investment 2022. This, in turn, offers many perks ranging from a tropical base to a tax-free lifestyle. A clean criminal record. Oct 25, 2022 · The minimum investment amounts are similar, but the options are different. The list of visa-free countries for citizens of Malta includes all the Schengen states, the UK, the USA, Canada, and Australia. This free movement that you're granted with Cyprus nationality Mar 15, 2023 · The Dominican Economic Diversification Fund is the cheapest passport for a single applicant. Another country where it’s easy to obtain citizenship is the Dominican Republic. You’re over the age of 18. Dominica is among the fastest citizenship countries too. These countries allow Turkish citizens to enter and stay for a specified period without obtaining a visa in advance. 9. £ 2,000,000+. Time to citizenship: 5-7 Months. By investment – if you have enough money to invest in an EU country and receive Jun 16, 2023 · The 10 cheapest countries where you can buy citizenship or residency for as low as $19,000 special-purpose interest-free bonds," plus a €38,000 to the state budget. The applicants need to invest about 24348. Jul 3, 2024 · 2. Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean, and countries like Jordan and Malta are popular options. £ 1623. If they maintain residence in Greece for 7 years, they can apply for citizenship. A growing number of countries host residence and citizenship by investment programs (also known as golden visa programs) that offer a variety of attractive investment options designed to cater to each family’s unique requirements. Obtaining permanent residency in Romania is a lucrative option for those seeking long-term residence in the country and is one of the easiest countries to get permanent residency in Europe without investment. It takes 14 months to obtain a Maltese passport, which is an EU passport and one of the easiest European countries for Citizenship by Investment. Be sure to check out our other articles to learn more about Vanuatu’s residence and citizenship-by-investment programs. Citizenship-by-Investment is the process of obtaining a second passport by investing in the country’s economy. There is a withholding tax of 15% when a non-resident receives dividends, interest, and royalties from sources within the country. By naturalization – if you lived and worked long enough in an EU country to qualify for citizenship. Jun 7, 2024 · The country recognizes dual citizenship, allowing citizens to obtain multiple passports; Travel to more than 150 countries without visas; Economical and flexible citizenship by investment program; Your family members are eligible for St Kitts and Nevis citizenship; Tax-friendly nation, with no income, capital gains, wealth, or inheritance tax Mar 10, 2021 · Jordan launched a new citizen by investment program in 2018. Malta passport holders can travel to 169 countries worldwide without the need for additional entry permits. Donation from $150,000. Oct 27, 2023 · Several countries like St. Apr 30, 2024 · Travel visa free: One of the significant benefits of obtaining citizenship in the Russian Federation is the ability to visa free destinations worldwide, in addition to no restrictions on entering Russia. Investors will need to cover the total government costs of around $108,750. 4. The list of free citizenship countries is incomplete without a special mention of Antigua and Barbuda — a beautiful island country in the Caribbean. Apart from investing, you will also have to show $250,000+ in your bank account, ensuring your financial stability. proof of business management experience with an annual turnover of AUD 500,000 during the past 2 out of 4 years. These countries have introduced citizenship-by-investment programs to attract foreign investors and boost their economies. Malta’s citizenship-by-investment requirements include all of the following: The country s passport holders do not need to relocate to Grenada, and they will also get visa-free access to 120 countries including China, Schengen states, and the United Kingdom. Land registry fee and stamp duty: 4-6%. The Bahamas Permanent Residency program targets wealthy foreigners willing to invest considerable capital in the country in exchange for permanent residency. Uruguay. Whether you're seeking insight on Maltese travel documents or considering Malta's expedited naturalization process, our detailed guide on Malta passports and the number of countries Malta passport holders have access to can help you make the best of one of the strongest passports available to EU Feb 26, 2024 · By migration programs, such as the Golden Visa Program in European countries like Portugal or Greece, you may need to wait around five years to be eligible for citizenship. Jun 17, 2024 · St. Protect your wealth, travel visa-free to 160 countries, and provide second citizenship to your family with this program. The following documents is required for most “residency by investment” programs: Application form. No. Another way to obtain temporary residency (and eventual citizenship) in Mexico is through investments in the country, such as business, real estate, and the Mexican stock exchange. This is an extremely popular country, and we get lots of people enquiring about Uruguay. Fund share investment of USD 500,000. Donation amounts start at $100,000 in several Caribbean countries and go all the way up to €600,000 for Malta. Jul 3, 2024 · St Lucia economic citizenship starts from $240,000 for a sole applicant or family of up to four, plus additional fees (government administrative fee, processing fees, due diligence fees, etc. The fee for those who apply from outside of the UAE ranges from AED3,800 to AED4,800. It also applies to the children of an exile born before October 1, 2014. Apr 8, 2024 · For instance, Turkey’s Citizenship by Investment program requires investors to acquire real estate valued at a minimum of US$400,000 or deposit US$500,000 in a Turkish bank for a period of three years. Kitts and May 5, 2024 · The best citizenship by investment in 2024 is the St Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment Programme, known for its trustworthiness and longevity, with single applicants being able to make minimum contribution of us$250,000 to the sustainable island state contribution (sisc) option. Real estate from $220,000. Everything takes time, infact lot of time and your hardwork and effort. 1. The amount is USD $125,000 for a family of five and over. In addition, Spain also offers a fast-tracking citizenship program for Filipinos and other nationalities of previous Spanish colonies. Jan 12, 2022 · The Turkish Citizenship By Investment Program was introduced in 2017. Apr 4, 2024 · Summary of the fastest and easiest Caribbean citizenship by investment. In 2018, after lack of any substantial interest, Turkey cut the investment minimum from $1,000,000 to just $250,000. The Sun family might first secure Grenada passports and then apply for the E-2 visa, and later have the option to apply for EB5 residency and ultimately US citizenship. Dominica, a picturesque Caribbean island, offers a compelling citizenship program. Feb 1, 2022 · Antigua and Barbuda CBI. Pros of the Greece Golden Visa: visa-free travel to Schengen countries; returnable investment; a 5-year validity; Citizenship by Investment programs are immediate entryways to a second passport wherein Applicants are granted permanent citizenship and passport after making an investment in the citizenship-granting country without the need of residing or visiting the country. Visa-Free Access: Many citizenship by investment programs offer visa-free access or visa-on-arrival privileges to a substantial number of countries, often exceeding 140 nations globally. Labor Market Mobility: 46. It is notably one of the richest Caribbean countries. For example, many taxpayers seek a passport that provides visa-free travel throughout the Schengen Zone. UPDATE: The cost of citizenship in Dominica will remain unchanged until at least 2021. After 5 years of residency, they can apply for permanent residency or citizenship. ). Portugal. Jus Soli: This principle grants citizenship by place of birth. Jun 28, 2024 · 1. The Best Citizenship by Investment Programs for 2022. . Lucia is the only Caribbean country to offer a citizenship by investment option for investing in bonds. However, the due diligence for the Easiest Passport for Citizenship by Descent: Latvia. It made all the difference. Mar 27, 2024 · Visa-free countries include Schengen countries, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, South American countries (except Suriname), Caribbean countries, Mexico, UAE, and some Oceania countries. Paraguay. Admittedly, this isn’t one of the cheapest citizenship-by-investment programs but it is one of the most efficient and, with visa-free access to around 100 countries, a Vanuatu passport is an attractive one to hold. The process involves being a permanent resident in Paraguay for at least three years. St Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment: Banned Nationalities. From exploring the ancient rock-hewn churches of Lalibela to sampling traditional Ethiopian cuisine, African Americans are welcomed with open arms as they embark on a journey of self Apr 22, 2024 · You could hold one of the strongest passports in the Caribbean in just 90 days with the St. The Jordanian citizenship option has been very attractive for many arab and middle eastern investors due to its strategic location. If you want to acquire the Bahamas residency by investment, you need to keep the following things in You can obtain European citizenship in one of three ways as listed below: By descent – if you have a family member that can pass on EU citizenship to you. General Requirements. A child born in a country automatically becomes a citizen of that nation. You need to invest about $4,00,000 USD in real estate to be Jan 24, 2023 · Malta is the easiest EU passport to obtain if you have the money for a Citizenship By Investment program. Apr 30, 2024 · Investors can get a UAE Golden Visa by investing in real estate or business: Real estate investors can apply for a ten-year Golden Visa if they invest a minimum of AED2,000,000 in real estate. Similar to Ecuador, you can get citizenship in A&B through an investment program. Citizenship by Investment Antigua and Barbuda is one of several citizenship by investment countries. To be eligible to apply for this program you must be over 18 years old, in good health and without a Jan 25, 2020 · For selling countries, citizenship-by-investment increases public revenue and investment, and can boost economies devastated by natural disasters. Getting citizenship in Ecuador is easy for the Indians, as the government is willing to extend citizenship to young entrepreneurs. The main CBI program options include a non-refundable contribution (donation) or Countries offering citizenship by investment in real estate are Turkey and the five Caribbean countries — St Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, St Lucia, and Grenada. Dominica is a Commonwealth nation, which means that citizens get special privileges in the UK; this includes the ability to travel to 50 countries without a visa. Caribbean citizenship by investment programs are in place in 5 countries: St Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, St Lucia, and Dominica. Expanding your global access through a citizenship program is no longer a luxury reserved for the ultra-rich. The Greece Golden Visa is one of the most affordable among the EU residency by investment programs and offers 6 options to choose from: real estate purchase — €250,000+; renting a hotel or tourist residence for 10 years — €250,000+; Feb 8, 2021 · No country would give away their citizenship for free. Let’s get one thing clear from the very beginning: there is no #1 citizenship by investment (CBI) program. Oct 18, 2023 · 5. Jan 25, 2024 · Grenada has agreements with the US for visa free visitor visas and E-2 investment, as well as their own an economic citizenship program. You make the donation and they give you a passport. The first step to become a citizen is to obtain a permission (eg. xp co pv jm ww th od jb ig jj
